
ModXjLu JcruVi^ /\JiAruiiAAji^ . IBB 



904 






Glass E ^^ 3 f 
Book '£ ^5 



Digitized by the Internet Archive 
in 2010 with funding from 
The Library of Congress 



http://www.archive.org/details/valleyforgerevisOOewin 



Valk}^ Forge Revisited. 



BY 



WM. a EWING, A. M., 

YONKERS. N. Y. 



:Reprinted from the Wooster Quarterly , July, igo^. 



Valley Forge Revisited. 



Wm. C. EwING, a. M., '78, YONKERS, N. Y 



Ensign George Ewing marched to the Vallev 
Forge with MaxwelTs Brigade of the Jersey Conti- 
nental line. I am now revisiting it, if a man's 
identity can be reckoned back through several 
generations. It is worth visiting under any circum- 
stances and an increasing swarm of the sons and 
daughters of the American Revolution pays annual 
tribute to this new Mecca of American patriotism. 

Valley Forge is five miles from the King of 
Prussia; four and a half from Berwyn; seven from 
Norristown, eight from Bryn Mawr — all wagon 
roads. It is on the "Skookl" river, generally 
spelled Schuylkill, and the encampment extended 
one mile up the Valley Creek from which the iron 
forge took its name. It was the iron foundry in 
the Valley Creek. There was an early tavern 
called The King of Prussia, but it was in German- 
town, and was the meeting place of commissioners 
from the British and American forces. 



2 Y alley Forge Revisited 

There will be some disappointment in 
attempting to read history on the ground, at least 
until the historical societies have much more fully 
marked the spots already identified and have thus 
given a basis for conjecture as to the location of 
the points still unsettled. Valley Forge's historical 
discovery came too late to rescue the log huts of 
the soldiers, the marquee of the commander and 
the headquarters of the various brigades and the 
quarters of other general officers. The very exist- 
ence of the redoubts and pickets on the north bank 
of Valley Creek is hardly admitted on the ground; 
or, to speak more correctly, is generally stoutly 
denied. The lines of intrenchment on the south 
side are not quite intact, though the outer line is 
still partly visible and the inner one is fairly well 
preserved, especialty the part in the woodland 
portion of the camp grounds. The forge is no 
more, except as a matter of hot dispute. Later 
dams have almost obliterated the memory of the 
most ancient one, which has slight traditional 
evidence of its location. 

But all that jj^ave the place its value in Wash- 
ington's eyes still remains. Two bluffs fronting a 
river, that is here too deep to ford, flank a creek 
that will readily supply an army with water. One 
ridge running nearly parallel with the creek sweeps 
around with gradually increasing elevation to a 
high hill one mile from the river. The bluff on the 
other bank is the face of a broad upland that 
extends back to a ridge terminating in a hill 
opposite that first mentioned and making with it a 
canyon less than one hundred feet in width and 



Valley Forge Revisited 3 

half a mile long, through which the Valley Creek 
runs. The slopes of the canyon make an angle of 
forty-five degrees, and are formed of loose shaly 
sand-stone, broken from the top of the strata on the 
south bank and still in place on the other. Both 
slopes are covered with a fine forest grow^th that 
reaches the hill-tops and makes a picturesque 
setting for this part of the camp ground. The 
appearance today is probably much the same as it 
was in the Revolution. General Weeden recites 
the orders issued to the soldiers engaged in cutting 
firewood to preserve the larger timbers for building 
the soldiers' huts and the journal of Ensign George 
Ewing, which is now in the possession of his great 
grandson, Hon. George Ewing, member of the 
Board of Pardons of the state of Ohio, has an entry 
under date of April 20th, 1788: "Last . evening 
about sunset we had a most violent gust of wind 
which continued to blow very hard all night. 
A fire broke out on the heights just to the right of 
the camp and burned the most furious I ever 
beheld during the whole night, but luckily no 
damage was done either to the camp or forti- 
fications." 

At the head of the canyon is a bowl one- 
third of a mile wide, whose low brim overlooks the 
great Chester Valley. General Knox, with his 
artillery, and General Lord Stirling occupied this 
bowl. The two summits were fortified, occasional 
pickets marked the ridge and upland on the north 
bank, and a double line of intrenchments, with 
outlying redoubts, stretched to the river on the 
other bank, where lay most of the encampment and 



4 Valley Forge Revisited 

which was most exposed to attack by a force 
coming up from the Delaware. Inside of the 
intrenchments were the log hut quarters of the 
various commands. A little more of the detail of 
the fortification is given in the journal above, 
mentioned. "Mr. [Eli] Elmer and I took a walk 
along the lines in front of the Camp. There is no 
ground in front that by any means could command 
them, but, in my opinion, the chief dependence is 
on the second line, which is picketed from end tc 
end in front of the huts, and abutted in front of 
them, besides breastworks and redoubts on several 
heights on the flanks and in the rear." 

The camp at Valley Forge invited attack, as it 
was within striking distance of Philadelphia, where 
General Howe lay all the winter of 1777-8 with an 
army superior to Washington's in its solidarity and 
equipment, if not at all times in numbers. There 
was mooted, indeed, a project of investment of his 
whole force to starve him into surrender, when it 
became known from deserters how much suffering 
there was in the camp from insuf^ciency of 
supplies. The journal of Lt. Col. John Graves 
Simcoe speaks of this project with disparagement. 
He had raided the settlement with his Queen's 
Rangers prior to Washington's occupation of the 
ground and knew of the difficulty of maintaining 
an effective siege, but did believe it possible to 
carry the camp by assault. Nothing was ever 
attempted, however, and the force was left to face 
the difficulties natural to its situation, which were 
at no time greater than in this terrible winter. 

Fort- Washington, near the head of the 



Valley Forge Revisited 5 

intrench ments, has still the embrasure of its battery, 
and pits mark the location of magazine and huts. 
Fort Huntington has a pretty grove of trees telHng 
its age and the star redoubt is still found near the 
river bank. Maxwell's brigade, with which my 
ancestor served in the beginning of the encamp- 
ment, was in the, center of the line and in front of 
the marquee which General Washington occupied 
until the completion of the huts early in January, 
1778. Here he made daily visits during the long 
siege of starvation, sickness and rough weather. 
The soldiers formed an estimate of his character 
which they never forgot and their loyalty to the 
person of Washington was an important element 
in determining the final success of the war. They 
knew the truth of his statement, formally expressed 
in general orders: "Your general unceasingly 
employs his thoughts on the means of relieving 
your distresses, supplying your wants, and bringing 
your labors to a speedy and prosperous issue." 
He was never heard to swear but often to pray. 
Isaac Potts told no mythical tale of the terrible 
winter when he described to his daughter his 
coming over the hill from the forge and, hearing a 
voice in the woods, on stealing in, he saw the 
General praying for his men. 

"Wasliington was never seen to smile but 
once," I quote Ensign Ewing's statement to his 
daughter dictated by her in 1854. "An Irishman 
had come on six Hessians washing potatoes in a 
creek, and, taking possession of their guns, ordered 
them to march to the camp. Washington asked 
how he could have taken them prisoners. He said 



a Valley Forge Revisited 

that he SLirrounded them. "This disposes of the 
similar McClellan anecdote of the civil war, unless 
the same Irishman participated in both wars and 
repealed his exploit. 

As arranged for two companies, the huts were in 
three rows, four deep, holding twelve men each, one 
hundred and forty-four men. The enlistment of 
General Maxwell's brigade was on a basis of sixty 
men to a company. In the rear was one hut for the 
officers of the two companies. It had been 
intended that all without distinction of rank should 
be so housed, but it is probable that most of the 
higher officers found quarters in the stone farm 
houses in the neighborhood oi their commands. 

The huts were built of logs, roofed with staves, 
and were i8xi6 feet, outside, with chimne}- in the 
east end on the south side. The height to the 
eaves was six feet or a little more. The journal 
gives these particulars of Maxwell's brigade. 
Washington's orderly bcok must give the inside 
dimensions when it directs the huts to be made 
14x16, for General Weeden's orderly book directs 
the reservation of logs 16 and 18 feet in length for 
building the huts. The walls were a foot thick, 
chinked and plastered with clay. There was a hut 
for each general officer^ one for the staff of each 
brigade and one for the field officer of each 
regiment. I found on the north bank of Valley 
Creek, in the woods beyond the first run, the ruins 
of a building having the dimensions of the huts, as 
far as the ground plan would show. The charred 
fragments of the staves were all that remained of 
the building. 



Valley Forge Revisited 7 

Washington's life guard was composed origi- 
nall)' of Virginians but he added one hundred men 
selected from all the commands at the Forge, under 
the command of Caleb Gibbs of Rhode Island, 
Captain-Commandant. These were picked men, 
five feet eight to ten inches tall, and they were 
drilled by Baron Steuben in the new drill and 
maneuvers introduced by him as inspector general. 
*'He appears to be much of a gentleman" says 
Washington, of Baron Steuben, "and as far as I 
have had an opportunity of judging, a man of 
military knowledge and acquainted with the 
world." This was the Baron's introduction to 
Valley Forge, February 27, 1778. On the 7th of 
April he was drilling Maxwell's brigade. "This 
forenoon the brigade went through the maneuvers 
under the direction of Baron Steuben. The step is 
about half way betwixt slow and quick time, an 
easy and natural step, and I think", writes Ensign 
Ewing, "much better than the former. The manual 
also is altered by his direction. There are but ten 
words of command which are as follows: i. Poise 
firelock; 2. Shoulder firelock; 3. Present arms; 
4. Fix bayonet; 5. Unfix bayonet; 6. Load firelock; 
7. Make ready; 8. Present; g. Fire; 10. Order fire- 
lock". 

The position of Generals Knox and Sterling 
has been given. Gen. Mcintosh was at the redoubt 
now called Ft. Washington; then came Huntington, 
Conway, Maxwell and Varnum, the last occupying 
the Stevens homestead, which has been in one 
family for seven generations. Towards Valley 
Creek were Generals Muhlenburg, Weeden, Pater- 



8 Valley Forge Revisited 

son, Learned, Glover, Parr, Wayne, Scott and 
Woodford. The artificers were across the creek, 
perhaps at the stone-crushing mill, and a bake- 
house was built near the cotton-factory of later 
days. The bake-house must have been of some 
size, for it was used for courts- martial and for enter- 
tainment when occasinn rose for such novel revel at 
the camp. There was also a bake-house near Fort 
Washington and it still is in some sort of existence. 
A stone slab at Fort Huntington marks the 
grave of an American soldier killed by a neighbor- 
ing farmer, who had complained to General Wayne 
of the depredation of the soldiers and had been told 
impatiently to shoot them if they trespassed again. 
The arm}- lost, says Dr. Benjamin Rusk, 1500 head 
of horses for want of forage. A week's rations for a 
soldier were three ounces of meat and three pounds 
of flour. Rations were sometimes two days overdue 
when issued. Men were left 24 hours on picket. 
There was not money enough in February to pay 
the November roll in full. General Wayne said that 
Falstaff's company was comparatively well clad, for 
Falstaff had one shirt in his company, while he did 
not have one whole shirt to a brigade. In February, 
General Varnum wrote to General Greene: "The 
army must soon dissolve. Many of the troops are 
destitute of meat and are several days in arrear. 
The horses are dying for want of forage. The 
country in the vicinity of the camp is exhausted. 
There cannot be a moral certainty of bettering 
their condition while we remain here. We cannot 
reconcile their sufferings to the sentiments of honest 
men. No political conditions can justify it." 



Valley Forge Revisited 9 

The condition of the men in their Homeric camp 
was better than it had been in the preceding 
months of marching and countermarching. They 
were somehow fed and occasionally an allowance of 
drink was served out, and the bake-house saw an 
occasional play, and there was preaching in the 
regiments, the hospitals were visited. The Rev, 
James Sproat, recording his visit, was very highly 
pleased with the situation of the camp. On the 
recepcion of the news of the ratification of the 
treaties of alliance with France and Spain the 
soldiers held a jollification, as they had previously 
celebrated May-day with honors to King Tammany. 
General Washington would dine with an officer and 
play at cricket with the staff. Life was not alto- 
gether gloomy at the camp and the army came from 
its long period of inaction improved in discipline, 
new modeled in organization and with some uni- 
formity in drill established throughout its ranks. 

When General Lafayette returned to the United 
States, he revisited Valley Forge and pointed out the 
location of a rifle pit, which has i\ow found a place 
upon the chart through the memory of a boy who 
witnessed the aged Frenchman's pleasure in viewing 
the scenes of his youthful exploits, the most distin- 
guished in his eventful life. 

In various ways parts of the ground-record 
have been recovered. In 1877 a group of citizens 
were proposing a monument in connection with the 
centennial about to be celebrated. William Hol- 
stein struck the right chord when he said the mon- 
ument is built; it is Washington's headquarters, and 
assured of the support of his associates he paid that 



lO Valley Forf^e Revisited 

evening half the purchase price of the Isaac Potts 
liouse; the Sons of the American Revolution later 
contributing the other half, and the first reservation 
at the camp was made. The centennial attracted 
some 60,000 people and disclosed Valley Forge to 
the world. This was in 1879, occurring a year late^ 
as most of our centennials do. 

The late Dr. Francis' M. Brooke, by his labor- 
ious and costly researches paved the way for 
the acquisition by the the state of a tract 
of land at the Forge, including the line of intrench- 
ments and the principal redoubts. This is now the 
Valley Forge Park with handsome drives and walks 
leading to the principal points of interest. The 
fields lately under cultivation, or in meadows, have a 
light iron fence around them and are bright with 
spring beauties, buttercups and other flowers of the 
season. The hills have a varied growth of timber^ 
mostly deciduous, with a sprinkling of pines and 
cedars, and rising to the older woods of the summit. 
Bright azaleas lighten the brushy margin of the 
woods. Horse-chestnut blooms are found here and 
there and weeping w'illows mark some of the camps, 
while cherry trees are found that far exceed their 
usual girth and take on in their old age the rougher 
habit of the oak. A fine drive is making along the 
outer intrehchment, which has but lately been 
bought by the state. Unfortunately, the roads and 
drives have long since cut off Fort Washington from 
its unmarked outworks, possibly not even included 
in the reservation and likely to be overlooked b}* 
the historical student. A military engineer is 
needed to trace out the lines which only a practiced 



Valley Forge Revisited II 

eye can find or a martial training appreciate. 

The next step should be the marking 
of the various commands, as nearly as may 
be determined; especially the locating of the 
redoubts and pickets on the north side of the creek, 
which are now altogether forgotten, and for which 
it is said that Governor S. W. Pennypacker 
has found very valuable data abroad. Governor 
Pennypacker has much more than the 
ordinar}^ student's historical interest in this 
matter, for he has lived on a farm on the upland 
embraced within the line of pickets north of Valley 
Forge, and his family has owned for generations the 
mills where Washington's army encamped after the 
Germantown fight, also known as Pawling's Mills 
and owned successively by Joost Heydt, their 
builder, Paaling, and Samuel Pennypacker. 

The only claimant for distinction on the north 
or west bank of the creek is the military hospital, 
now a fine stone building, kept as an inn which, 
with the commodious Washington Inn near head- 
quarters, guarantees that the public will not be so 
hungry, so thirsty, nor so ill-lodged as the soldiers 
were during the famous encampment. Near the 
supposed place of the artificers quarters is a stone- 
crushing mill which shares with the automobile 
factory the manufacturing glories of the village. 
There is a post office store, and a public library has 
been established in a building fifty years old, 
belonging to the Patriotic Order of the Sons of 
America. The church and school complete the 
general story. 

The central point of interest is Washington's 



12 Valley For^e Revisitffd 

headquarters, the Isaac Potts honie, the main build- 
\n^^ of which is pretty much as Washington found 
it and left it, a two-story house of dressed stone, 
pointed, 24 x 33 feet. A frame additiim was built 
for Washington's use, one story and a half high. 
This is n )w replaced by stone, uniform with the 
original building; and a log cabin dining room is 
now recalled by an ornamental log cabin, which 
covers a stairway leading to an underground vault, 
from which originally a tunnel led to the river 
bank. 

The interior wood work is in a fine state of 
preservation. The house and grounds are kept up 
b\' the Valley Forge Association, in which is a 
representative of the Sons of the American Revolu- 
tion, the association having developed from the 
Montgomery County historical society, and it pro- 
vides in Mr. Ellis R. Hampton an intelligent cura- 
tor of the relics of the camp and the skirmishes in 
its neighborhood. There are many curios, Indian 
relics, a Washington hatchet, the flintlock musket 
of the guide that led the night march on German- 
town, a British Royal George cannon, a small brass 
howitzer, charts of the ground and photographs. 
Two of the rooms are furnished in colonial style, 
one with furniture that Washington might have 
had at Mount Vernon, but certainly did not have at 
Valley Forge, the other having the plain country 
furniture of the northern farm house, a truer picture 
of Washington's actual degree of comfort during 
the encampment. The walls are hung with por- 
traits of Washington's generals and with a fine col- 
lection of various engravings of Washington, the 



Vnlley Voi'frf Rf>visitffl IH 

most interesting of which is that picturing him 
reading the Duche' letter, where the ex-chaplain to 
Congress advises him to ''Negotiate for America at 
the Head of his Army" and secure the repeal of the 
Declaration of Independence. Of another portrait 
Mrs. Washington could well say the artist "is not 
altogether mistaken with respect to the languor of 
the general's eye, for although his countenance 
when affected by joy or anger is full of expression, 
yet when the muscles are in a state. of repose his eye 
certainly wants animation;" but of this particular 
portrait no such apology is needed. There is in 
the attitude, the expression of the face, and in the 
look, an intensity of feeling in harmony with the 
mental picture of Washington at Valley Forge. That 
Washington dismissed the Duche suggestion with a 
brief reference to Congress, a curt message to the 
writer and kindly taken advice to Duche's relative 
was no indication that he did not feel the stab, 
though he gave no sign. 

In one of my brief visits to headquarters the 
little son of the guardian of the nation's past 
informed me of a book his father had "where the 
Good Man tells us not to kill people nor to steal 
apples," two crimes that seemed to him of equal 
magnitude. There seems to be a general readiness 
at the camp to give information to inquirers, but a 
committee of investigation would have as many 
minority reports as it had members, for the local 
testimony is very conflicting. 

Aside from the points mentioned, there are 
marks of an old dam, supposed to belong to the 
Forge, with an old road leading to it, two other 



J4 Valley Forfff' W'visitfd 

dams in plain evidence, ruins of a flour mill and 
cotton factory, the headquarters of General Knox 
on the farm now belonging to Attorney General 
Knox, and General Varnum's headquarters on the 
Stevens homestead. The foundations of the hut 
occupied by Baron Steuben were still pointed out a 
half century ago on the farm of William Henry on 
the road to Port Kennedy, and the Jacob Massey. 
farm had a triangular redoubt measuring forty rods 
to a side. One monument has been erected at the 
camp. A memorial chapel has now been proposed 
and will undoubtedly be erected. The President's 
recent address at the Forge will bear that much 
material fruit as it will perform the more ethical 
function of impressing, as the lesson of Valley Forge, 
the high value of patient endurance, more difficult to 
learn than the virtue of supreme effort, the lesson of 
Gettysburg. 

From the summit of the ridge can be seen 
Barren Hill, or as it was and is more commonly 
called Barn Hill, the scene of Lafayette's camp 
where he was hedged in by ten thousand of the 
British and his escape by a skillful maneuver was 
watched by Washington with great interest. Gen- 
eral Lafayette had been sent by Washington to 
make a reconnoissance in force to ascertain the 
movements of the British troops, whose inaction 
could not be expected to continue much longer. 
The utmost care was exercised to prevent General 
Howe learning the detachment of this force, but the 
orders were issued on Friday , May loth, 1778. to 
prepare for a march the next day and the move- 
ment was delayed one week. On the i8th, Lafayette 



Vcilley Foige Revisited 15 

left Valley Forge with 2,500 men, fifty Indiad 
scouts sent by Col. Willetts, and five pieces ()f 
artillery under Capt. Lee. They marched to 
Barren Hill on the east side of tiie Schuylkill 
river and encamped in a large field on the 
summit, the Indian scouts across the road, and 
General Lafayette occupied the Lutheran church on 
a lower knob to the north. Tliey lay the next day 
in camp and Lafayette summoned Capt. Allen 
McLane, the famous light rider, to arrange for 
obtaining information from the city. Gen. Howe 
had been informed by a spy of the dispatch of this 
force and, desirous of performing some brilliant 
exploit before his departure for England, deter- 
mined to capture Lafayette and all his hjrce. He 
dispatched General Grant with 5,000 selected men 
to sieze the foro in the rear of the American troops 
by a forced march by night. Marching out of 
Philadelphia on the Germantown road lie turned 
off at the Rising Sun tavern, passed Lafayette's left, 
completely hidden by the forest, and gained Ply- 
mouth meeting house, one mile beyond him and 
nearer the forb, and by daybreak his advance under 
Major Simcoe was pushing on to the for^. He had 
made a march of twenty miles and passed from the 
front to the rear of the American troops witliout 
discovery. General Gray moving in concert 
with General Grant occupied the Ridge Road, 
between the American forces and the river, and 
ought to have effected a junction with General 
Grant at the for^. General Howe was in German- 
town on the morning of the 20th and in\ ited a 
party of ladies and gentlemen to ejftve with him 



16 Valley Forge lie visited 

that evening to meet the Marquis de Lafayette 
when he would bring him back with him to the city. 

A miHtiaman on the line of Giant's march was 
routed out of bed and fled to warn the Americans. 
Capt. McLane was informed of the movements of 
General Gray in the Ridge road and sent Capt. 
Parr across the country to take possession of Van- 
devin's hill and hold it all hazard, while he himself 
posted to Lafayette. It was at 8 o'clock in the 
morning of the 20th, that Lafayette received the 
various reports of the British advance from Ply- 
mouth meetinghouse, Germantown and Whitewash-^TiA^^ 
hills. The British force was also seen from Valley 
Forge and signal guns were fired. Lafayette paraded 
his men, fronted Gen. Grant, now within a half mile 
of him, and sending a force to check Gen. Gray, 
withdrew his main force by a forest road to Mattson's 
ford, passing the British advance party unhindered, 
for, perplexed at a cross road, this party had delayed 
advancing until too late to reach the river. When 
Grant found the line of battle was only a blind, 
he hurried on a bodv of cavalry in pursuit and these 
saw the heads of the Americans bobbing in the 
river like the corks of a fishing seine. 

Once across the Schuylkill Lafayette avoided, 
it is said, the open valley and went up stream to 
the Gulph, in whose narrow canyon he was safe 
from flank attack and Washington could meet the 
British pursuit at the head of the valley. Spending 
the night at Swede's ford on the 21st he re-crossed 
the Schuylkill, marched to Barren Hill and took 
post on the old camp ground. At midnight he re- 



Valley Forge Re visited. 1 7 

tired to Swede's ford and the next day returned to 
Valley Forge. 

In the course of the action, a party of red-coat 
dragoons came upon the Indian sc^>uts and were 
received with such yells that they rode off in one 
direction and the Indians equally terrified ran away 
in the other. Not only was General Howe disap- 
pointed of his guests, he was late for dinner and 
had but raillery for sauce. Lafayette's success in 
extricating his force from the midst of armies four 
times his strength earned him the confidence of his 
soldiers and the respect of his superiors. It was 
called by Simcoe another instance of Washington's 
luck, to save a force that by all the rules of war 
was sacrificed. It secured him the command at 
Monmouth that General Charles Lee unfortunately 
was not content to let him retain, and later war- 
ranied his designation to the campaign in Virginia 
that sealed his honors in the final surrender of 
Yorktown. As a happy coincidence he returned to 
V^alley Forge t(^ receive an appointment as dele- 
gate to Congress. From the star redoubt is 
pointed out a group of buildings across the Schuyl- 
kill where cannon balls from the redoubt had 
dropped into a group of British marauders and 
interrupted their raid. Such balls were found there 
some years ago, and some one recalled the fact that 
Lafayette had described the incident when revisit- 
ing Valle) Forge. 

An old soldier of the camp named Woodman 
bought a farm near the Forge and one day in 1796 
was plowing in the field as a gentleman rode up 



18 Valley FofgH Rt^vhitrd 

accompanied by a netyro servant. He was an elderly 
man of dignified appearance, dressed in a plain suit 
of black. He lighted from his horse, climbed the 
fence, and coming up to Mr. Woodman shook his 
hand and began to ask about the people in the 
neighborhood, the state of the crops and farm pros- 
pects. Woodman said he could tell him little about 
the people as he was a newcomer but he had been 
at the Forge during the encampment. "So was 1", 
was the answer, "1 am George Washington". Mr. 
Woodman apologized for not recognizing his old 
commander and for treating the President with so 
little respect. There was no time for ceremony, 
however, as an imperative engagement demanded 
an immediate return to Philadelphia, and the 
greeting of an old soldier was Washington's last 
reception at Valley Forge. 

REFERENCE LIST. 

The histories of the Revolutionary war, 
biographies of Washington and Lafayette, letters 
of Washington and of Lafayette, will of course, give 
much on this subject. From citations and examin- 
ations I suggest also the following, some of which 
are mentioned above; 

Address of the President, June 19, 1904; Valley 
Forge Orderly Book of General George Weedon, 
xN. Y., Dodd, Mead & Co.; West Virginia Histor- 
ical Magazine, Jan. 1903; Reports of Committees on 
Valley Forge Reservation, 1894, 1902; Sketches, 
Historical Society of Montgomery County, 1895; 
Penna. Hist. Magazine, Vol. 27, p. 441; Allen M. 
Lane's .lournal; Henry Lee's Memoirs; North 
American Review , 1825; Lafayette en Amerique, 



YiiUry Forage I\'rr]s'iiffj Iff 

Levasseur; History of Montgomery County, Buck; 
The Duche Letter, Wortliington C. Ford; Oificers 
and Men of New Jersey in the Revolutionary War, 
Styker: Journal of George Ewing, Gen. Hugh 
Pawing in Family Record. 



LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 



